| Synergistota | |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Bacteria Jumas-Bilak et al. 2021[1] |
| Phylum: | Synergistota Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 |
| Class: | Synergistia Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 |
| Order: | Synergistales Jumas-Bilak et al. 2009 |
| Families | |
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| Synonyms | |
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The Synergistota is a phylum of anaerobic bacteria that show Gram-negative staining and have rod/vibrioid cell shape.[2][3] Although Synergistota have a diderm cell envelope,[4][5] the genes for various proteins involved in lipopolysaccharides biosynthesis have not yet been detected in Synergistota, indicating that they may have an atypical outer cell envelope.[4][5] The Synergistota inhabit a majority of anaerobic environments including animal gastrointestinal tracts, soil, oil wells, and wastewater treatment plants and they are also present in sites of human diseases such as cysts, abscesses, and areas of periodontal disease.[6][7] Due to their presence at illness related sites, the Synergistota are suggested to be opportunistic pathogens but they can also be found in healthy individuals in the microbiome of the umbilicus and in normal vaginal flora.[7][8] Species within this phylum have also been implicated in periodontal disease,[9] gastrointestinal infections and soft tissue infections.[7] Other species from this phylum have been identified as significant contributors in the degradation of sludge for production of biogas in anaerobic digesters and are potential candidates for use in renewable energy production through their production of hydrogen gas.[10] All of the known Synergistota species and genera are presently part of a single class (Synergistia), order (Synergistiales), and family (Synergistaceae).[3]
- ^ Oren A, Garrity GM (2021). "Valid publication of the names of forty-two phyla of prokaryotes". Int J Syst Evol Microbiol. 71 (10): 5056. doi:10.1099/ijsem.0.005056. PMID 34694987.
- ^ Hugenholtz, P., Hooper, S.D., and Kyrpides, N.C. (2009). Focus: Synergistetes. Environ. Microbiol. 11, 1327–1329.
- ^ a b Jumas-Bilak, E.; Roudiere, L.; Marchandin, H. (2009). "Description of 'Synergistetes' phyl. nov. and emended description of the phylum 'Deferribacteres' and of the family Syntrophomonadaceae, phylum 'Firmicutes'". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 59: 1028–1035. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.006718-0.
- ^ a b Gupta, R. S. (2011) Origin of Diderm (Gram-negative) Bacteria: Antibiotic Selection Pressure Rather than Endosymbiosis Likely led to the Evolution of Bacterial Cells with Two Membranes. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek. 100: 171–182
- ^ a b Sutcliffe, I.C. (2010). "A phylum level perspective on bacterial cell envelope architecture". Trends Microbiol. 18: 464–470. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2010.06.005. PMID 20637628.
- ^ Jumas-Bilak, E.; Carlier, J.P.; Jean-Pierre, H.; Citron, D.; Bernard, K.; Damay, A.; Gay, B.; Teyssier, C.; Campos, J.; Marchandin, H. (2007). "Jonquetella anthropi gen. nov., sp. nov., the first member of the candidate phylum 'Synergistetes' isolated from man". Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. 57: 2743–2748. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.65213-0. PMID 18048718.
- ^ a b c Vartoukian, S.R., Palmer, R.M., and Wade, W.G. (2007). The division "Synergistes". Anaerobe. 13, 99–106.
- ^ Marchandin, H., Damay, A., Roudiere, L., Teyssier, C., Zorgniotti, I., Dechaud, H., Jean-Pierre, H., and Jumas-Bilak, E. (2010). Phylogeny, diversity and host specialization in the phylum Synergistetes with emphasis on strains and clones of human origin. Res. Microbiol. 161, 91–100.
- ^ Horz, H.P.; D.M. Citron; Y.A. Warren; E.J. Goldstein; G. Conrads (August 2006). "Synergistes Group Organisms of Human Origin". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 44 (8): 2914–2920. doi:10.1128/JCM.00568-06. PMC 1594628. PMID 16891512.
- ^ Riviere, D., Desvignes, V., Pelletier, E., Chaussonnerie, S., Guermazi, S., Weissenbach, J., Li, T., Camacho, P., and Sghir, A. (2009). Towards the definition of a core of microorganisms involved in anaerobic digestion of sludge. ISME. J. 3, 700–714.
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